Ostrich-Egg-Shaped Earth

Dawahganda Argument

Premises

1)   The Qur'an describes Earth using the word daha  

2)   The word daha means "to be Ostrich-egg shaped"

2.1) Daha derives from the root word duhya (meaning Ostrich Egg)

3)    Ostrich-egg is a spheroid (just like the Earth).

Conclusion

Therefore, Qur'an describes the earth as a spheroid (before anyone knew).

Source for Argument

1. Harun Yahya – The Earth's Geoid shape

http://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_17.html

2. Zakir Naik - Ostrich-egged-Earth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SiI-QWtsEI

Verses

وَالْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا

(Pickthall Translation)

79:30 - And after that He spread the earth;

(Transliteration)

79:30 - Wal-arda baAAda dhalika dahaha

For other translations, visit http://quranx.com/79.30

For word-by-word analysis, visit http://quranx.com/Analysis/79.30

Objections

1. The argument is based on a misconception
2. Daha is not rooted in “duhya” & Daha does not mean "to be ostrich-egg shaped" 
3. Does the Earth look like an ostrich egg?

1. The argument is based on a misconception

            The argument is based on the presupposition that the spherical shape of the earth was not known in ancient times. This however is a result of a popular misconception known as the ‘Myth of the Flat Earth”, whereby it is thought that, until the 16th century, everyone believed the Earth was flat. However, it is has been widely recognized by historians that knowledge of a spherical earth has existed since the Ancient Greeks and has been passed down through late antiquity as well as the middle ages.[1] [2] As the historian Jeffrey Russel notes,

“It must first be reiterated that with extraordinary few exceptions no educated person in the history of Western Civilization from the third century B.C. onward believed that the earth was flat. A round earth appears at least as early as the sixth century BC with Pythagoras, who was followed by Aristotle, Euclid, and Aristarchus, among others in observing that the earth was a sphere. Although there were a few dissenters--Leukippos and Demokritos for example--by the time of Eratosthenes (3 c. BC), followed by Crates(2 c. BC), Strabo (3 c. BC), and Ptolemy (first c. AD), the sphericity of the earth was accepted by all educated Greeks and Romans.
Nor did this situation change with the advent of Christianity. A fewóat least two and at most five--early Christian fathers denied the spherically of earth by mistakenly taking passages such as Ps. 104:2-3 as geographical rather than metaphorical statements. On the other side tens of thousands of Christian theologians, poets, artists, and scientists took the spherical view throughout the early, medieval, and modern church. The point is that no educated person believed otherwise.”[3]

            Therefore, even if the Qur’an states that the earth is a sphere or a spheroid, the information does not qualify as foreknowledge and thus apologists are wrong to present this verse as miraculous.

2. Daha is not rooted in “duhya” & Daha does not mean "to be ostrich-egg shaped"

            The claim that daha means “to be ostrich egg-shaped” is unfounded. It should be notable that the apologists promoting this claim are never able cite any authoritative text of the Arabic language where daha is directly and specifically defined as “to be ostrich egg-shaped”. The primary reason for such an omission on the part of the apologists is due to the fact that the authoritative texts of the Arabic language contradict their argument. Moreover, such texts also present certain clues as to the possible origins of this claim.

            For example, Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon, reports that the term "daha" is rooted in the triconsonantal root, dal-ha-waw.[4]

            The entry for the term "daha" in Lane's lexicon states that the word is used to signify the spreading, expanding, extending or widening of a surface.

            Lane's lexicon also provides an example of the usage of the word with the following statement, "also, said of an ostrich, he expanded, and made wide, with his foot, or leg, the place where he was about to deposit his eggs". Here the, the term daha is meant to signify the action performed by the ostrich i.e. the ostrich spreads out the ground in order to make a nest. There is no mention here (or any other reputable dictionary) that daha means "to be egg-shaped".

            In a consistent manner, Lane’s lexicon defines udhiya, a cognate of daha, as the place where the ostrich lays its eggs.

           

            Udhiya can thus be understood as the surface upon which spreading or flattening (daha) has taken place. Thus, it should abundantly clear that daha does not mean “shaped like an egg”.

            It is possible, that the apologist who came up with this mistranslation, either deliberately contorted the example involving the ostrich and the egg, or unintelligently interpreted the example.

3. Does the Earth look like an ostrich egg?

The remaining contention of whether the Earth has the same shape of an ostrich egg is irrelevant since it has been show that the term daha does not mean “ostrich-egg shaped”.

It should also be noted that dawahgandists have made several forced and fabricated attempts to make the ludicrous claim that the shape of the Earth is exactly like that of an ostrich egg.[5]

Nonetheless, this exercise is left for the reader, i.e. to compare the shapes of the Earth[6] and an ostrich egg.[7]

            

Conclusion

            Knowledge of a spherical earth precedes the Qur’an. The word in question, daha, does not mean “ostrich-egg-shaped” as advocated by apologists. The lexicons of classical Arabic reveal that the term means spreading out or flattening. Lexicons give examples of an ostrich “spreading out” the ground for a nest. It can be suspected that such an example is the root of the mistranslation of daha as “ostrich-egg-shaped”. Thus this miracle claim is false and debunked.

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[1]. Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1991), Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and modern historians, New York: Praeger. Page 3

[2]. For more info, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_the_Flat_Earth

[3]. Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1997), "The Myth of the Flat Earth", Studies in the History of Science (American Scientific Affiliation) . http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html

[4]. Lane, Edward William; "An Arabic-English Lexicon"; Librairie Du Liban, 1968. Vol. 3, page 857. http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000023.pdf

[5]. DetInspectorMonkFish's Ramadan and the Eggsact shape of the Earth. 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXeh8AG7FpU

[6]. Reto Stöckli, Nazmi El Saleous, and Marit Jentoft-Nilsen. Earth from Space. NASA GSFC 2000. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=885

[7]. Raul654. An ostrich egg. Taken at Disney's Animal Kingdom. 2005.  http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ostrich_egg.jpg

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Additional Links

Video Presentations

1. Nabeel al-Khalidy's (aka LearnQuranicArabic) Does the Quran describe the earth as being in the shape of an ostrich egg?

2. TheRationalizer's The Earth's Geoid Shape - Exposing Dr. Zakir Naik (Oxford University)

3. DetInspectorMonkFish's Ramadan and the Eggsact shape of the Earth

Articles & Blogs

1. IslamToday.net - Claiming that the Earth is egg-shaped

http://en.islamtoday.net/node/667

2. Rahul Raj Is Earth Egg Shaped as Per Qur'an?

http://mostintolerantreligion.com/2012/04/06/is-earth-egg-shaped-as-per-quran/

3. Flat Earth and the Qur'an - Qur'an 79:30
http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Flat_Earth_and_the_Qur%27an#Qur.27an_79:30

Pain Receptors or Sensory Characteristic of the Skin

Dawahganda Argument

Premises

1)    Qur’an states burnt skin in hell will be renewed to feel pain

2)    Receptors/Nerve-ends in the Skin are responsible for pain

2.1) Severe burns damage Receptors/Nerve-ends and cause loss of pain sensation

3)    Dr. Tagata Tagasone stated no 7^th century person can know (2) & (2.1)

Conclusion

Therefore, the Qur’an references pain receptors/Nerve endings in the skin (before anyone knew)

Source for Argument

Quran & The sensory characteristic of the skin

http://en.islamway.net/article/8034

Zakir Naik – Pain Receptors in the Qur’an

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_PK-PUltLE

Verses

إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا سَوْفَ نُصْلِيهِمْ نَارًا كُلَّمَا نَضِجَتْ جُلُودُهُم بَدَّلْنَٰهُمْ جُلُودًا غَيْرَهَا لِيَذُوقُوا۟ ٱلْعَذَابَ

(Pickthall Translation)

04:56 - Lo! Those who disbelieve Our revelations, We shall expose them to the Fire. As often as their skins are consumed We shall exchange them for fresh skins that they may taste the torment. 

(Transliteration)

04:56 - Inna allatheena kafaroo biayatina sawfa nusleehim naran kullama nadijat julooduhum baddalnahum juloodan ghayraha liyathooqoo alAAathaba

For other translations, visit http://quranx.com/4.56 

For word-by-word analysis, visit http://quranx.com/Analysis/4.56

Objections

            The goal of the present dawahganda argument is to suggest that the Qur’an foretold the existence of nociceptors/pain receptors/nerve endings responsible for the sensation of pain. Thus, there are 2 claims needing examination; whether the Qur’an references nociceptors and whether what is presented in the Qur'an can qualify as scientific foreknowledge.

            The following objections are raised against the dawahganda argument;

1. Pain receptors/Nerve endings are inferred rather than explicitly mentioned

2. The information is accessible through direct observation in 7^th century

3. The role of nerve-endings in skin were known or theorized prior to the Qur’an

4. Evidence from the practice of cauterization

5. Appeal to Dr. Tagata Tagasone is a false & fallacious argument from authority

1. Pain receptors/Nerve endings are inferred rather than explicitly mentioned

            The argument is based on an inference rather than any explicit mention of the proposed scientific foreknowledge. The verse in question is Sura 04:56 and the phrase under discussion is “change [burnt skin] for other skins that they may taste the punishment” ( بَدَّلْنَٰهُمْ جُلُودًا غَيْرَهَا لِيَذُوقُوا۟ ٱلْعَذَابَ).

            The verse, describing punishments in hell, states that once the skin of an individual is burnt, it is replaced with a new skin in order for the person to continue feeling pain. Thereupon, the dawahgandist infers that if the burnt skin is not replaced, the individual would not feel pain.

            Thereafter, the dawahgandist draws upon the fact that the reason the person would not feel pain is due to the burning away of nociceptors/pain receptors/nerve endings responsible for the sensation of pain. This fact is then used to finally infer that the Qur’an refers to the existence of nociceptors/pain receptors/ nerve endings responsible for the sensation of pain.

            Thus, there are 2 separate inferences that need examination; (it is vital to understand that the following 2 inferences are distinct and should not be conflated);

a) “Qur’an refers to the loss of sensation caused by severe burns”

b) “Qur’an refers to the existence of nociceptors”

1.a) “Qur’an refers to the loss of sensation caused by severe burns”

            In contrast to most dawahganda arguments, the inference (a) is relatively reasonable. The phrase under discussion could very well have been uttered by its author with this knowledge in mind; i.e. the knowledge that severely burnt skin can lose the sensation of pain and touch.

            However, as a point of interest, it is to be noted that it is possible for the author to state the phrase without this knowledge in mind. For example, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, the renowned 12^th century Islamic exegete, states the following regarding this verse,

“It is possible for it to be said that this is a metaphor for eternity and a lack of cessation, as is said of something that is meant to be described as eternal: “every time it ends it has begun, and every time it reaches its endpoint it starts from the beginning.” Likewise is (Allah’s) statement: “Every time their skins are burned out, we shall exchange them for new ones,” meaning, every time they think they are completely roasted and burned through and will cease into complete destruction, we give them new strength of life so that they think they are now renewed and replenished. So what is meant by this is to exemplify the eternity of punishment and complete lack of its cessation.”[i]

            From the above example, it is, at least, conceivable that Muhammad could utter the phrase under discussion as a metaphor for the perpetuity of tortures in hell; without the knowledge of inference (a). Thus, even if it is the case that the knowledge presented in inference (a) was unknown at the time of Muhammad, the Skeptic of dawahganda are still within reasonable limits to dismiss any case of alleged scientific foreknowledge.

            Nevertheless, it will be presumed, for the sake of argumentation, the author of the verse possessed and intended to use the knowledge presented in inference (a). However, it will be demonstrated in Objection (2) that this argument fails to qualify as scientific foreknowledge.

1.b) “Qur’an refers to the existence of nociceptors”

            The second inference (b), unlike inference (a), is weak. If the dawahgandist had no prior knowledge of nociceptors, he/she would not have been able to derive the concept of pain receptors/sensors from the phrase under discussion. The dawahgandists can only infer that there exists some property of the skin that holds it responsible for the sensation of pain. However, it is not within the scope of the verse to describe what the nature of this property could be. Thus, the claim that the Qur’an refers to the existence of nociceptors is false. Unsurprisingly, the dawahgandist method has been to conflate and equate the two distinct inferences.

            Nevertheless, the present dawahganda argument reduces to the claim that the Qur’an foretold that severe burns cause loss of sensation. However, this phenomenon is directly observable and thus it fails to be scientific foreknowledge.          

2. The information is accessible through direct observation in 7^th Century

            The innocuous refutation for this naive dawahganda argument is unwittingly found in the very sources that make this claim. Consider, the following statement by Zakir Naik;

"Without the pain receptors, the human being cannot feel pain. That is the reason, whenever a patient, a burn injury, comes to the doctor, he takes a pin and pricks it in the area of the burn ... If the patient does not feel pain, then the doctor is sad. The pain receptors have been destroyed. It is a deep burn."[ii]

            The notable irony here is that Zakir Naik, in an attempt to present scientific foreknowledge, revealed that modern science was not necessary for an average human being to know that severe burns cause loss of sensation. It seems that to know this information, all that is necessary is a person with a severe burn and a ‘pricking’ object; neither of which was unavailable in 7^th century or before.

            The objection can be more lucidly expressed as the following syllogism;

1) Those who have severe burns know severe burns cause loss of sensation.

2) (Some) People before 7^th century had severe burns.

Therefore, (Some) people before 7^th century knew severe burns cause loss of sensation

            For a dawahgandist to maintain that this information was inaccessible for Muhammad, he/she has to believe that no person before the 7^th century suffered from a severe burn. Of course, such a belief is inductively weak.

            Thus, the claim that this information was unknowable to Muhammad is false on its face value.

3.  The role of nerve-endings in skin were known or theorized prior to the Qur’an

            Additionally, it is also false that no one knew or proposed theories about the relationship between the sensation of pain and the nerve-ends in the skin. For instance, Prof. E.K. Emilsson, a philosopher and historian, notes the following view of the 2^nd century physician, Galen,

"Galen refers to the relation between the brain and the nerves that lead from the sense-organs to the brain ... He also says that vision works like touch, which operates through the nerves from the surface of the body to the brain; the idea being the sensitive air close to the color seen is analogous to the nerve-ends in our skin."[iii]

            Prof. Maxwell Bennet, a neuroscientist, states the following regarding Galen understanding of sensation and the causes for its loss;

“Galen had already established that nerves arise from the brain and spinal cord, that conduction of psychic pneuma is necessary in these nerves for sensation and motor action for if they are cut or damaged there is no sensation of movement and that there are two classes of nerves, one motor (if damages no motor action) and the other sensory (if damaged no sensation).”[iv]

            Furthermore, according to Prof. Howard Smith and Prof. Steven Passik, “Galen was one of the first to conceptualize the physiology of nociception when he described pain as a response to events that occurred outside the body.”[v]

            Galen was among many others who theorized about or experimented with the field of sense-perception. Other individuals include Plotinus,[iii] Eristratus, Herophilus[vi] etc. Therefore, it is blatantly ignorant to claim that no humans could know the relationship between skin and pain sensation.

4. Evidence from the practice of cauterization

            Cauterization was a widely prevalent practice of antiquity where wounds and amputations were treated with the branding of fire or heat. The practice was also prevalent in the times of Muhammad as recorded by several Hadith.[vii] [viii]

            It can be induced that due to the prevalence in antiquity of this practice of burning individuals for therapeutic purposes, those living in ancient times are even more likely to learn that severe burns cause loss of sensation.

5. Appeal to Dr. Tagata Tagasone is a false & fallacious argument from authority

            Last and definitely the least, the dawahgandist’s consistent appeal to Dr. Tagata Tagasone is a false & fallacious argument from authority. Given that it has been demonstrated that the Qur’an neither refers to nociceptors nor present any scientific foreknowledge, the statements attributed to Dr. Tagata Tagastone are false and an apologist’s continued appeal to his authority is fallacious.

            On a side note, Dr. Tagata Tagasone is yet another scientist from the infamous Zindani affair. Several of the other scientists named in this propaganda project had declared that they were misrepresented and quote-mined. Therefore, it is to be suspected that the same is the case with Dr. Tagata Tagasone.

            Overall, it may also be noted that dawahgandists presenting this argument have entirely hung its validity on the shoulders of Dr.Tagata Tagasone rather than justifying the inference made or the foreknowledge alleged. Thus, this argument can be seen as a textbook case of the fallacy of arguing from authority.

Conclusion

            The Qur’anic verse in question can only be said to refer to the fact that severe burns cause loss of sensation. However, this is merely an observable phenomenon. The alleged reference to nociceptors cannot be inferred from the verse without the prior assumptions on the part of the apologist. Furthermore, thinkers before Muhammad’s time, such as Galen, had already expressed views on the role of nerve-ends in the skin for sensation; thereby falsifying the claim that this piece of information was unknown to those in antiquity. Additionally, it is induced from the practice of cauterization i.e. burning for therapeutic purposes, that those in antiquity are more likely to learn that severe burns cause loss of sensation. Finally, the statements attributed to Dr. Tagata Tagasone are empirically false and the apologist’s appeal to his statements is a textbook example of the fallacy of arguing from authority.

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[i]. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Mafatih al-Ghayb, Tafsir al-Kabir. Accessed online at http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=4&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=56&tDisplay=yes&Page=1&Size=1&LanguageId=1 (translation via @happymurtad)

[ii].  Zakir Naik. Zakir Naik claims Pain Receptors are foretold in the Qur'an. (Begins at 00:30). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_PK-PUltLE

[iii].  Emilsson, E.K. Plotinus on Sense-perception: A Philosophical Study. CUP Archive, 1988. page 59. (Accessed via Google Books. URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=3z09AAAAIAAJ&dq)

[iv].  Bennet, Max R. History of Synapse. CRC Press. 2003. Page 3. (Accessed via Google Books. URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=DEJIoSbAKRoC)

[v].  Smith, H. & Passik, S. Pain and Chemical Dependency. Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 163 (Accessed via Google Books. URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=5I2BXezz6esC)

[vi]. Rey, R. The History of Pain. Translated by J. A. Cadden, L.E. Wallace, S. W. Cadden. Harvard University Press, 1998. Page 24. (Accessed via Google Books. URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=yRE18-PWITEC)

[vii].  Muhammad acknowledges the healing ability of cauterization but forbids this practice as recorded in Sahih Bukhari Book 76, Hadith 24 (http://sunnah.com/bukhari/76/24)

[viii].  Muhammad or his companions  practicing cauterization as recorded in Sunan ibn Majah Book 31, Hadith 3619 (http://sunnah.com/urn/1275350), Jami’ at-Tirmidhi Book 28, Hadith 2188 (http://sunnah.com/urn/673530), Sunan abu Dawud Book 29, Hadith 12 (http://sunnah.com/abudawud/29/12), 

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Additional links

Articles & Blogs 

1. Responses to "It is Truth" Chapter 8 On the Sensory Characteristic of the Skin
http://answering-islam.org/Responses/It-is-truth/chap08.htm